TESTS: Visual - Motor

Below are products utilized in testing and monitoring
Visual - Motor Skills
We also sell individual components for most tests.
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Products listed in our Catalog under "Visual-Motor":

Basic Visual-Motor Association Test [BVMAT]
Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition [BOTMP-2]
Developmental Test of Visual Perception–Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A)
Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test - Revised (JLRRT)
The Mini Inventory of Right Brain Injury (MIRBI-2)
Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3)
Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition [PDMS-2]
Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition [PDMS-2]
Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition [TGMD-2]
Test of Visual Motor Integration (TVMI)
Full Range Test of Visual-Motor Integration (FRTVMI)
Test of Visual-Motor Skills - Revised [TVMS-R]
Test of Visual-Motor Skills – Revised: Alternate Scoring Method [TVMS-R[ASM]]
Test of Visual-Motor Skills = Upper Level [TVMS(UL)]

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Basic Visual-Motor Association Test [BVMAT]
James Battle, Ph.D.

Grades: 1 Through 9
Testing Time: 10 Minutes

The BVMAT is a test of short-term memory , it scores assess the following properties: recall of visual symbols, visual sequencing ability, visual association skills, visual- motor ability, visual integrative ability, and symbol-integration skills.

The BVMAT was standardized during four years of field-testing, employing approximately 1,000 in the sample populations, in four separate age groupings. Test-retest results were significant at or beyond the .01 level; and the correlation between the two forms of the test was .95. Content validity was established on the promise that, since visual recognition of letters is crucial to reading and spelling skills, letter-like symbols were incorporated in the test’s stimuli. Concurrent validity was established by comparing the BVMAT with another recognized instrument; the correlation was .69, significant at or beyond .01. The BVMAT was also compared with recognized measures of intelligence, reading, spelling, and arithmetic skills with favorable results. Results derived from examinees’ performance on the BVMAT can be used to predict visual sequencing problems, visual reversals (e.g. b and d), visual-association problems and eye-hand coordination problems.

The BVMAT is timed: three minutes each, for forms A and B (upper- and lowercase letters, respectively), and can be scored in one to two minutes. Each form contains 60 items, presented as a symbol- copying task. Conversion tables provide percentile ranks and t-scores derived from raw scores.

Special features: The BVMAT is quick and easy to administer, score, and interpret; has a wide age range; can be used with individuals or groups. Suitable for administration in any language that employs the Roman alphabet.

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Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition [BOTMP-2]
Robert H. Bruininks and Brett D. Bruininks

Ages: 4 through 21 years
Testing Time: Complete Battery - 45-60 minutes; Short Form - 15-20 minutes
Scores/Interpretation: Age-based standard scores, percentile ranks, and stanines; age equivalents for the Complete Battery only
User Qualification: Level B
   
Benefits:

• Most widely used motor proficiency test
• New easel administration format
• Improved manipulatives, including a wider, more durable balance beam
• Game-like tasks that capture and hold students' interest
• More objective scoring
• Not verbally complex

Provides a comprehensive picture of motor development

For over 25 years, professionals have relied on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency as a premier instrument for measuring gross and fine motor skills. Now, the second edition of this trusted test offers substantial improvements that help make testing easier and more efficient. BOT-2 features new test items and activities, improved equipment, easier administration, and an expanded age range to 21 years.

Valuable feedback from focus groups and a thorough review of research provided important direction in revising the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test. The results: BOT-2 is especially well-suited for physical therapists, occupational therapists, adaptive physical education teachers, special education educators, and others who need a reliable motor skills assessment.

BOT-2 assesses the motor proficiency of all students, ranging from able-bodied to those with serious motor dysfunctions and developmental handicaps. It can also be used for developing and evaluating motor training programs.

Challenging, game-like tasks:

Children enjoy the variety and appeal of the test items, making testing easier for everyone. BOT-2 items provide a full range of interesting tasks that measure gross and fine motor skills: maintaining balance while standing on one leg, bouncing a ball, and cutting out a circle are just a few examples.

New administration easel makes testing more efficient:

BOT-2 features a completely new administration easel with an easy-to-use layout that gives examiners access to all the information they need on a single page. The easel also provides suggestions to guide examiners in explaining the tasks. For the examinee, large, clear pictures of the tasks being completed help provide a better understanding of the test items, especially for children who have language, cognition, or attention problems.

Eight subtests assess:

• Fine Motor Precision - 7 items (e.g., cutting out a circle, connecting dots)
• Fine Motor Integration - 8 items (e.g., copying a star, copying a square)
• Manual Dexterity - 5 items (e.g., transferring pennies, sorting cards, stringing blocks)
• Bilateral Coordination - 7 items (e.g., tapping foot and finger, jumping jacks)
• Balance - 9 items (e.g., walking forward on a line, standing on one leg on a balance beam)
• Running Speed and Agility - 5 items (e.g., shuttle run, one-legged side hop)
• Upper-Limb Coordination - 7 items (e.g., throwing a ball at a target, catching a tossed ball)
• Strength - 5 items (e.g., standing long jump, sit-ups)

Five Composite Scores
BOT-2 provides a separate measure of gross and fine motor skills, making it possible to obtain meaningful comparisons of performance in two areas. The Complete Battery provides five composite scores:

• Fine Manual Control
• Manual Coordination
• Body Coordination
• Strength and Agility
• Total Motor Composite
• Interpretation
• Profile analysis to evaluate an individual's strengths and weaknesses
• Clinical observation section in the Record Booklet
• Clinical validity studies on autism, developmental coordination disorder (dyspraxia), and mild mental retardation 
  

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Developmental Test of Visual Perception–Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A)
Cecil R. Reynolds, Nils A. Pearson, Judith K. Voress

The DTVP-A is a battery of six subtests that measure different but interrelated visual-perceptual and visual-motor abilities. The battery, which is designed for use with individuals ages 11-0 through 74-11, has empirically established reliability and validity. The normative sample consists of 1,664 adolescents and adults residing in 19 states; demographic characteristics approximate the current census data.

The DTVP-A is the latest test based on the work of Marianne Frostig; work which has been carried forward in the Developmental Test of Visual Perception-Second Edition (DTVP-2), which is frequently used to evaluate perceptual-motor skills in children ages 4 through 10. The DTVP-A is an extension and redevelopment of this classic work, designed for use with adolescents and adults. The DTVP-A can be administered by psychologists, neuropsychologists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, regular and special educators, and diagnosticians who are interested in examining the visual-perceptual status and visual-motor integration skills of adolescents and adults. Administration is individual and takes approximately 25 minutes.

The DTVP-A is especially useful in the evaluation of the neuropsychological integrity of TBI and stroke patients where right-hemisphere function may be at issue. Normed through age 75, the DTVP-A has sufficient floor or easy items to allow accurate assessment of even individuals with severe TBI and other neurologically impaired individuals. The reliability of the various subtests and index scores indicates that the DTVP-A will be sensitive to improvement over the course of treatment. The subtests and indexes also will suggest areas of emphasis in cognitive and fine motor rehabilitation. The DTVP-A is particularly useful in distinguishing true visual-perceptual deficits from problems solely with complex eye-hand or perceptual-motor actions. The DTVP-A may also assist in differential diagnosis of various of the dementias in elderly patients, providing a baseline for normal aging changes in perception and perceptual-motor skills against which the referred patient may be referenced.

Subtests

Special Features of the DTVP-A

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Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test - Revised [JLRRT]
Brian T Jordan

Ages: 5 through 12 yrs.
Administration: Individual or Group

The revised edition of the JLRRT assesses reversals of letters, numbers and words. The scope of test material has been expanded. New, more conservative norms accurately detect visual reversal problems. It is designed for use as a screening device by classroom teachers or for inclusion in a full diagnostic test battery by a specialist. The manual includes detailed remediation exercises for reversal problems. The Laterality Checklist is an informal survey that determines whether a student prefers to use one side of the body when performing tasks. The Remedial Checklist provides a list of activities that can be used to develop laterality.

Administration and Scoring
Level 1 tests reversals of letters and numerals. Level 2 assesses reversals of lower-case letters within words, and whole word reversals in sentences. The test is un-timed but can be administered and scored in about 20 minutes.

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The Mini Inventory of Right Brain Injury (MIRBI-2)
Patricia A Pimental and Jeffery A. Knight

The MIRBI­2 lets you quickly screen clients for neurocognitive deficits associated with right hemisphere lesions. Its development meets the need for a brief, standardized, right-brain injury screening instrument that yields severity levels for deficit areas. Test reviews and professionals’ comments from the field were incorporated into the new edition.

New Features:

The MIRBI­2 was normed on 128 right-brain injured people. Reliability was estimated by coefficient alpha (.84). All item discrimination coefficients exceeded .3 acceptable levels and ranged from .37 to .81, median: .57. Inter-rater reliability was .99. Concurrent validity was very good and included the study of left-brain injured participants and control participants without brain injury.

 

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Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3)
Ronald P. Colarusso, Donald D. Hammill

Ages: 4 through 85 years
Testing Time: 20 minutes
Administration: Individual

The third edition of the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3) is appropriate for children and adults ages 4 through 85 years. Designed to assess visual perception without reliance on an individual's motor skills, the MVPT-3 is particularly useful with those who may have learning, cognitive, motor, or physical disabilities. The MVPT-3 can be used for screening as well as diagnostic and research purposes by teachers, psychologists, educational specialists, rehabilitation therapists, and others who need a quick, highly reliable, and valid measure of overall visual-perceptual processing ability in children and adults.

The MVPT-3 measures skills without copying tasks. It contains many new, more difficult items at the upper end for older children and adults. Tasks include matching, figure-ground, closure, visual memory, and form discrimination. Stimuli are line drawings. Answers are presented in multiple-choice format. Responses may be given verbally or by pointing. Standard scores and percentiles are provided. Item response times may be interpreted in terms of functional behavioral categories. Clinical population comparisons are also provided. The test takes about 20 minutes and is individually administered.

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Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition [PDMS-2]
Rhonda Folio & Rebecca R. Fewell
Ages: birth Through 5
Testing Time: 45 to 60 Minutes
Administration: Individual

The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales -2 is a early childhood motor development program that provides (in one package) both in-depth assessment and training or remediation of gross and fine motor skills. The assessment is composed of six subtests that measure interrelated motor abilities that develop early in life It is designed to assess the motor skills of children from birth through 5 years of age. Reliability and validity have been determined empirically. The normative sample consists of 2,003 persons residing in 46 states. The PDMS-2 can be used by occupational therapists, physical therapists , diagnosticians, early intervention specialist, adapted physical education teachers, psychologists, and others who are interested in examining the motor abilities of young children .

Subtests: Reflexes: This 8-item subtest measures a child’s ability to automatically react to environmental events. Because reflexes typically become integrated by the time a child is 12 months old, this subtest is only given to children birth through 11 months; Stationary: This 30 item subtest measures a child’s ability to sustain control of his or her body within its center of gravity and retain equilibrium; Locomotion: This 89 item subtest measures a child’s ability to move from one place to another. The actions measured include crawling, walking, running, hopping, and jumping forward; Object Manipulation: This 24-item subtest measures a child’s ability to manipulate balls. Examples of the actions measured include catching, throwing, and kicking. Because these skills are not apparent until a child has reached the age of 11 months, this subtest is only given to children ages 12 months and older; Grasping: This 26-item subtest measures a child’s ability to use his or her hands. It begins with the ability to hold an object with one hand and progresses up to actions involving the controlled use of the fingers of both hands; Visual-Motor Integration: This 72-item subtest measures a child’s ability to use his or her visual-perceptual skills to perform complex eye-hand coordination tasks, such as reaching and grasping for an object, building with blocks, and copying designs.
 
Composites: Fine Motor Quotient: This composite is a combination of the results of the subtests that measure the use of the small muscle systems: Grasping (all ages) and Visual-Motor Integration (all ages); Gross Motor Quotient: This composite is a combination of the results of the subtests that measure the use of the large muscle systems: Reflexes (birth-11 months only), Stationary (all ages), Locomotion (all ages), Object Manipulation (12 months and older); Total motor Quotient: This composite is formed by a combination of the results of the gross fine motor subtests. Because of this, it is the best estimate of overall motor abilities.

The Profile/Summary Forms enable the examiner to record the child’s PDMS-2 scores and graphically display the child’s performance in two formats. First, the examiner records the child’s name and calculates his or her age. Second, the PDMS-2 raw scores, percentiles, age equivalents, and standard score, percentiles, age equivalents and standard scores for subtests and composites are recorded.

The PDMS-2 standard scores for the subtests and composites can be plotted on the Profile Section to get a gross estimate of the child’s strengths and weaknesses. Finally, each item on which the child met the criterion for mastery during testing is marked on the Profile of Item Mastery Section. This enables the examiner to compare the Child’s performance on the items he or she has mastered with that of the normative sample.

The record forms contain all of the items to be given to the child. The booklets contain abbreviated instructions for administering items once the examiner is thoroughly familiar with the more detailed instructions found in the illustrated guide for administering and scoring PDMS-2 items. The booklets contain clearly marked entry points to be used to locate the beginning item for each subtest.

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Test of Gross Motor Development - Second Edition  [TGMD-2]
Dale A. Ulrich
Ages: 3 through 10
   
The TGMD-2, a major revision of the Test of Gross Motor Development, is a norm-referenced measure of common grow motor skills that can be used by kinesiologists, general and special educators, psychologist, and physical therapists. The TGMD-2 assists you in identifying children ages 3-0 through 10-11 who are significantly behind their peers in gross motor skill development and who should be eligible for special education services in physical education.

The TGMD-2 is made up of 12 skills (six for each subtest): Locomotor: run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, slide; Object Control: striking a stationary ball, stationary dribble, kick, catch, overhand throw, underhand roll.

Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the gross motor skills and simplified scoring system allow you to administer the TGMD-2 quickly and easily in 15 to 20 minutes. The TGMD-1 combines fun activities with a reliable and valid procedure that will give you meaningful results in identifying children with gross motor problems. You can use the results of this assessment to develop instructional programs, monitor progress, evaluate treatment, and to conduct further research in gross motor development.

The TGMD-2 includes several updates from the first edition: Normative information is now stratified by age relative to geography, gender, race and residence.
Age norms have been divided into half-year increments for both subtests for ages 3-0 through 7-11.

New reliability and validity studies, including exploratory and confirmatory factor and yes the empirically support the skills chosen for each subtest.

Using the TGMD-2 you will obtain standard scores, percentile scores, and age equivalents. The test also provides you with a Gross Motor Quotient if both subtests are completed.

 

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Test of Visual Motor Integration (TVMI)
Don Hammill, Nils Pearson, Judith Voress

The TVMI measures visualmotor ability in students ages 4 to 17 by asking them to copy a series of increasingly complex geometric figures. The TVMI, which can be administered in approximately 20 minutes, is used with individuals or groups. It was normed on a large representative sample of more than 2,000 students whose demographic characteristics approximate those of the 1990 U.S. census data. The TVMI is unique among visualmotor integration tests because it gives the clinician a highly reliable, valid, and unbiased measure for assessing students with wide ranges of visualmotor ability. Results are reported in standard scores, percentiles, and age equivalents. The TVMI is reliable for all ages and is unbiased with regard to gender and race. It has internal consistency reliability of .90 or above for all ages and provides numerous examples for practice scoring.

Complete TVMI Kit Includes: Examiner’s Manual and 50 Summary/Response Forms, all in a sturdy storage box. B0087 ($222)
Individual Components:
B0087 - A	Examiner’s Manual	$100
B0087 – B	Summary/Response Forms (50)	$132

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Full Range Test of Visual-Motor Integration (FRTVMI)
Donald D. Hammill, Nils A. Pearson, Judith K. Voress, Cecil R. Reynolds

Ages: 5-0 through 74-0
Testing Time: 5-15 minutes
Administration: Individual or group

For use by psychologists, educational diagnosticians, learning disability specialists, OTs and PTs, as well as teachers and counselors, the Full Range Test of Visual-Motor Integration (FRTVMI) is a highly reliable, valid measure of visual-motor integration skills that not only covers the full range of school ages but, unlike most other tests of VMI, includes norms appropriate for special education students in the 19-21 year age range. Its norms include adults as well as children and adolescents (i.e., a full range of individuals from 5 years through 74 years can now be assessed with a common test.)

The FRTVMI assesses the ability to accurately relate visual stimuli to motor responses. The purposes of giving the test include: (1) documenting the presence and degree of visual-motor problems in individuals, (2) identifying candidates for referral, (3) verifying the effectiveness of intervention programs, and (4) serving as a research tool. The test requires the person being tested to copy a series of increasingly complicated designs.

Key Features:
Time and cost efficient.

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Test of Visual-Motor Skills - Revised [TVMS-R]
Morrison F. Gardner

Ages 3 Through 14 Years
Administration Time: 25 Minutes

The TVMS-R is designed to be administered by occupational therapists, teachers, psychologists, physicians (pediatricians and neurologists), resource specialists, optometrists, speech and language pathologists, teachers of special education, counsellors, and other professionals. The test was standardized on approximately 1,500 subjects.

An individual’s specific strengths and weaknesses can be determined in the following areas of visual-motor functions and remediation can be prescribed for any specific weakness: Closure (overextended and underextended, all forms), Angles (rounded, dog-eared, degree change, added, omitted), Intersecting Lines (penetrate, underextend, unequal extensions), Size (form or part of form modified smaller, larger, longer, shorter), Rotation or Reversal (form or part of form), Length of Lines (individual or part of design, unequal, longer or shorter), Overpenetration, Underpenetration (form or part of form), Modification of Form (change in shape, distortion of shape, missing part(s), added part(s), change in number of parts).

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Test of Visual-Motor Skills – Revised: Alternate Scoring Method [TVMS-R[ASM]]
Morrison F. Gardner
Ages: 3 Through 14
   
The purpose of this method of scoring the geometric forms of the Test of Visual-Motor Skills-Revised is to give examiners a more refined diagnose of a subject’s visual-motor strengths and weaknesses in eight categories of visual-motor functions.
   
The Alternate Scoring Method is used to score only the most common types of visual-motor errors. The scoring is on a scale of zero, one, two, or three. The total score can be converted to motor age, standard score, scaled score, T-score, percentile, and stanine.

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Test of Visual-Motor Skills: Upper Level [TVMS(UL)]
Morrison F. Gardner

Ages: 12 Through 40 years
Administration Time: 30 Minutes

The TVMS(UL) is an upper-level companion to the original Test of Visual-Motor Skills. These two tests offer practical information about how a subject visually perceives non-language forms and reproduce with his or her hand what is visually perceived.

The TVMS(UL) is an untimed instrument designed to measure visual-motor skills and may be administered to individuals or to groups. The test comprises 16 geometric figures arranged in increasing order of difficulty, each of which is to be copied by the test subject within the Test booklet. Each copied figure is to be scored for a variety of discrete errors (from a minimum of 9 to a maximum of 22 errors per figure). A scoring sheet is provided to assist examiners in marking scorable errors. Standardization data and accompanying conversions from raw scores to standard scores, scaled scores, percentiles ranks, and stanines are presented in the manual. 

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